THE CELTS

 

 

• According to Aristotle, most "belligerent nations" are strongly influenced by their women, but the Celts were unusual because of openly preferred male lovers.

 

                                                                       

 

 

The Celts are, and were, peoples who speak a Celtic language, in the narrowest definition. There are many people who identify with Celtic cultures because their ancestors, near or distant, were speakers of a Celtic language.

 

 

• The flag of the Isle of Man shows a triskelion, the Three Legs of Mann emblem, in the centre of a red flag. The three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee. In order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used.

 

• The triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol that was also used by many other ancient civilizations including the Mycenaeans and the Lycians. The flag is similar to that of Sicily.

 

 

 

 

 

• Celticization is a term used to describe the spread of ancient Celtic culture, and to a lesser extent, language. It is mainly used to describe the spread of Celtic civilization and the Celtic languages during the antiquity following the various Celtic migrations. The result of Celticization, elements of Celtic origin combined in various forms and degrees with local elements, sometimes fully Celtisized certain ancient tribes.

 

                                                                       

 

• The Celtic spiral symbolizes eternity and is used abundantly in many Celtic jewelry items today. Just as popular is the Celtic cross, which pre-dates the Christian cross by about two centuries. The Celtic cross is thought to bring greater knowledge, understanding and the fortitude to deal with trials and adversities, as compared to the Christian cross, which is believed to protect the wearer from harm.

 

 

                                                             

• The Latin name Celtus seems to be based on a native Celtic ethnic name. However, the first literary reference to the Celtic people, is by the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus in 517 BC; he says that the town of Massilia (Marseille) is near the Celts and also mentions a Celtic town of Nyrex (possibly Noreia in Austria). Herodotus seems to locate the Keltoi at the source of the Danube and/or in Iberia, but the passage is unclear. The English word Celt is modern, attested from 1707 in the writings of Edward Lhuyd whose work, along with that of other late 17th century scholars, brought academic attention to the languages and history of these early inhabitants of Great Britain.

 

 

EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE

 

• The Celtic languages form a branch of the larger Indo-European family.

 

                

 

• By the time speakers of Celtic languages enter history around 400 BC (Brennus's attack on Rome in 387 BC), they were already split into several language groups, and spread over much of Central Europe, the Iberian peninsula, Ireland and Britain. Some scholars think that the Urnfield culture of northern Germany and the Netherlands represents an origin for the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the Indo-European family. This culture was preeminent in central Europe during the late Bronze Age, from ca. 1200 BC until 700 BC, itself following the Unetice and Tumulus cultures.

 

Because of the scarcity of surviving materials bearing written Gaulish, it is surmised that the pagan Celts were not widely literate, although a written form of Gaulish using the Greek, Latin and North Italic alphabets was used (as evidenced by votive items bearing inscriptions in Gaulish and the Coligny Calendar). Julius Caesar attests to the literacy of the Gauls, but also wrote that their priests, the druids, were forbidden to use writing to record certain verses of religious significance

 

• The historical Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age Europe.

 

 

                                                             

 

 

 

A MYTH/ BELIEF

 

 In the secular world of Celtic chiefs and warriors, dragons are merely symbols of the power of the chief. Indeed the Celtic word for "chief" is Pendragon.
 

 

                                                               

 

 

 

Pendragon or Pen Draig, meaning "head dragon" or "chief dragon" (a figurative title referring to status as a leader), is the name of several traditional Kings of the Britons:

 

 

 

The modern Celtic traditionalists follow the old religion of the Celts. Much of what is known was transmitted through oral cultural traditions. Druids, the keepers of tradition, preferred the oral to the written word for passing on religious matters. Among the Celts, the Druids were the judges and intermediaries with the Gods. Except for the Chiefs of the Celts, everyone else was considered to be near slaves.

 

                                                                      

 

 At first glance, the Celtic religion seems to be a nature religion. The Celts followed the Wheel of Seasons in their rituals. The most important days were Beltane (May 1), the beginning of the light half of the year, and Samhain, (November 1), the beginning of the dark half of the year. Their alphabet was derived from the leafing of trees during the seasons. Meanwhile, animals tied to wisdom, such as Salmon who ate from the Hazel nut tree, were sacred.

 

                                                                  

 

However, upon further investigation, the Celtic religion has a deeper theology. Druids taught that the soul is immortal and passes from one body to another. Since humans and peoples of the Otherworlds (Fae, Sidh) can intermingle easily, the soul could pass between worlds. The Druids called this passing of the soul: tuirigini,“the circuit of births”.

The Soul’s Journey is represented by the Triple Spiral. The First Spiral is the first exposure to wisdom. The Soul is guided by the Keepers of the Traditions. The Second Spiral concerns the implementation of wisdom. The Empowers of the Laws of Life guide the Soul. The Third Spiral is the maturing of wisdom, where the Otherworldly Guardians guide the Soul. The Soul would learn the Seven Candles of Life: Will, Truth, Growth, Harmony, Lore, Devotion, and Energy.

 

MAPS OF CELTIC AREAS

 

Celtic Sea

 

                                                                                

 

The Celtic Sea is an area of the Atlantic Ocean, generally located to the south of Ireland. It's bordered in the northeast by St. George's Channel, and in the east by the Bristol Channel, and English Channel. The region's Celtic heritage gave the sea its name, one suggested in 1921 by E. W. L. Holt. This somewhat generic name helps avoid any nationalistic controversies between countries. The southern and western boundaries are not clearly defined as varied sources extend the sea to different distances into the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, representing its exact size on a map is based on where the sea actually ends, so maps are estimates, at best, and ours is the same.

               

 

CLOTHING

 

During the later Iron Age the Gauls generally wore long-sleeved shirts or tunics and long trousers (called braccae by the Romans). Clothes were made of wool or linen, with some silk being used by the rich. Cloaks were worn in winter. Brooches and armlets were used but the most famous item of jewellery was the torc, a rigid piece of adornment made from twisted metal.

 

          

 

WARFARE

 

Principal sites in Roman Britain, with indication of the Celtic tribes. Tribal warfare appears to have been a regular feature of Celtic societies. While epic literature depicts this as more of a sport focused on raids and hunting rather than organised territorial conquest, the historical record is more of tribes using warfare to exert political control and harass rivals, for economic advantage, and in some instances to conquer territory.

The Celts were described by classical writers such as Stabo, Livy, Pausanias, nad Florusas fighting like "wild beasts", and as hordes. Dionysius said that their "manner of fighting, being in large measure that of wild beasts and frenzied, was an erratic procedure, quite lacking in military science. Thus, at one moment they would raise their swords aloft and smite after the manner of wild boars, throwing the whole weight of their bodies into the blow like hewers of wood or men digging with mattocks, and again they would deliver crosswise blows aimed at no target, as if they intended to cut to pieces the entire bodies of their adversaries, protective armour and all". Such descriptions have been challenged by contemporary historians.

 

                

 

                    

 

CELTIC TATTOOS

 

Some tattoos are specific to only some parts of the body, but there is no limitation to butterfly tattoo designs. You can have them on your abdomen, lower back, chest, foot and anywhere. Coming to its significance, butterfly tattoo designs convey a lot of meanings. Their meanings vary from place to place, person to person and culture to culture. However, the main theme of butterfly tattoo designs is rebirth and transformation and is considered to be a symbol of freedom.

There are many versions of butterfly tattoo designs. Out of them flower butterfly tattoos, tribal butterfly tattoos and celtic butterfly tattoos are the most popular ones. Butterfly tattoos are mixed with tribal designs so as to pierce them on lower back. Celtic designs are incorporated in butterfly tattoos for maximum impact. Flowers designs add feminine statement to the butterfly tattoos.

 

                   

 

 

 

Celtic gods and goddesses

Male

• Abandinus, possibly a river-god
• Abellio (Abelio, Abelionni), god of apple trees
• Alaunus (Fin), sun god
• Alisanos (Alisaunus)
• Ambisagrus, a god of thunder and lightning
• Anextiomarus (Anextlomarus, Anextlomara), a sun god
• Atepomarus, a sun god
• Arvernus, a tribal god
• Arausio, a god of water
• Barinthus (Manannán mac Lir), a god of the sea and water
• Belatu-Cadros (Belatucadros, Belatucadrus,

  Balatocadrus, Balatucadrus, Balaticaurus,

  Balatucairus, Baliticaurus, Belatucairus,

  Belatugagus, Belleticaurus, Blatucadrus,

  and Blatucairus), a god of war

• Belenus (Belinus, Belenos, Belinos, Belinu, Belanu, Bellinus, Belus, Bel), a sun god.
• Borvo (Bormo, Bormanus), a god of mineral and hot springs
• Buxenus, a god of box trees
• Camulos (Camulus, Camulos), a god of war
• Canetonnessis
• Cernunnos, a horned god
• Cicolluis
• Cimbrianus

Cissonius (Cisonius, Cesonius), a god of trade Cnabetius Cocidius, a god of war Condatis, a god of the confluences of rivers Contrebi (Contrebis, Contrebus), a god of a city Dii Casses Dis Pater (Dispater), a god of the underworld Esus (Hesus) Fagus, a god of beech trees Genii Cucullati, Hooded Spirits Grannos, a god of healing and mineral springs Icaunus, a god of a river Intarabus Iovantucarus, a protector of youth Lenus, a healing god Leucetios (Leucetius), a god of thunder Lugus, creation and learning Luxovius (Luxovius), a god of a city's water

Maponos (Maponus), a god of youth Mogons (Moguns) Moritasgus, a sun god Mullo Nemausus, a god worshipped at Nîmes Nerius Nodens (Nudens, Nodons), a god of healing, the sea, hunting and dogs Ogmios Robur, a god of oak trees Rudianos, a god of war Segomo, a god of war Smertrios (Smertios, Smertrius), a god of war Sucellos (Sucellus, Sucellos), a god of love and time Taranis, a god of thunder Toutatis (Caturix, Teutates), a tribal god Veteris (Vitiris, Vheteris, Huetiris, Hueteris) Virotutis, a sun god Visucius Vindonnus, a sun god Vinotonus Vosegus, a god of the Vosges

 

 

 Female

Abnoba, a goddess of rivers and forests Adsullata, goddess of the River Savus Aericura Agrona, a goddess of war Ancamna, a water goddess Andarta, a goddess of war Andraste, goddess of victory Arduinna, goddess of the Ardennes Forest Aufaniae Arnemetia, a water goddess Artio, goddess of the bear Aventia Aveta, a mother goddess, associated with the fresh-water spring at Trier in what is now Germany Belisama, lakes and rivers, fire, crafts and light, consort of Belenus Brigantia Britannia, originally a personification of the island, later made into a goddess

Camma Campestres Clota, patron goddess of the River Clyde Coventina, goddess of wells and springs Damara, a fertility goddess Damona, consort of Apollo Borvo and of Apollo Moritasgus Dea Matrona, "divine mother goddess" and goddess of the river Marne in Gaul Dea Sequana, goddess of the river Seine Debranua, a goddess of speed and fat Epona, fertility goddess, protector of horses, donkeys, and mules Erecura, earth goddess Icovellauna, a water goddess Litavis Mairiae

Nantosuelta, goddess of nature, the earth, fire, and fertility in Gaul Nemetona Ritona (Pritona), goddess of fords Rosmerta, goddess of fertility and abundance Sabrina, goddess of the River Severn Senua Sequana, goddess of the river Seine Sirona, goddess of healing Suleviae, a triune version of Sulis Sulis, a nourishing, life-giving mother goddess and an agent of curses Tamesis, goddess of the River Thames Verbeia, goddess of the River Wharfe

 

Celtic Mythology

The religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Celts, an ancient Indo-European people. In the 4th century BCE their influence and territories covered the length of Europe, stretching from Britain to Asia Minor. Celtic mythology consists of three groups:

1.     The Goidelic, including Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the western highlands of Scotland. In language, race, and tradition these form a homogenous block;

2.     The Insular Brythonic, including Wales and Cornwall, also inhabited by kindred people with a somewhat similar history;

3.     The Continental Brythonic, that is, Brittany. Though racially akin to the Welsh and Cornish, the Bretons have had a very differently history and enjoy a distinct culture.

 

 

Art

Typically, Celtic art is ornamental, avoiding straight lines and only occasionally using symmetry, without the imitation of nature central to the classical tradition, often involving complex symbolism. Celtic art has used a variety of styles and has shown influences from other cultures in their knotwork, spirals, key patterns, lettering, zoomorphics, plant forms and human figures.

 

                      

 

 

Celtic art is a difficult term to define, covering a huge expanse of time, geography and cultures. A case has been made for artistic continuity in Europe from the Bronze Age, and indeed the preceding neolithic, age however the 'celtic' culture is generally considered to arise in the Iron Age at around 1000BC. There are three "traditions" of Celtic art, the first being the continental Iron age art mainly associated with La Tène culture which draws on native, classical and (perhaps via the Mediterranean) oriental sources. The second, Iron Age art in Britain and Ireland, draws on the continental tradition while adding distinctive regional styles. The third, the Celtic "renaissance" of the early Middle Ages in Ireland and parts of Britain, is also called Insular art by those who argue that it arises from a mixture of influences that cannot be characterised as exclusively Celtic. Nevertheless, it was this third tradition formed the basis for the art of the Celtic revival beginning in the late 18th century.

 

 

Political powers

The continuity between Celtic Europe and the third world of later centuries is clear in the language of the Greeks and Romans, who, sounding very much like the English speaking of the Irish, Scottish Highlanders or Welsh, described the Celtic peoples of Europe as primitive, savage, barbarian, bestial and insane. This also sounds remarkably like the European propaganda regarding Africans, Indians, Australians, etc.

It is necessary to be informed regarding several themes of history:

1. The chronic struggle between imperialist powers and the people who live on the land, in villages, with local cultures and agrarian lifestyles. This dynamic can be seen in Europe and also earlier, in Mesopotamia and Anatolia.

2. The constantly expanding nature of imperialism (capitalism). A defeated Empire has its ruling class and aspects of its social structure altered by conquest, but its expansionist nature is rarely altered except by social collapse.

3. The indigenous, traditional and tribal nature of Celtic society. Celtic Europe must be seen as being of a kind with the other indigenous cultures of the world oppressed by imperialism. Celtic Europe is not to be lumped together with Greece and Rome or with the Germanic and Slavic powers which supplanted it and were largely derived from it (Rome especially).

4. The continuity of peoples and of the ruler-rural dynamic, and hence of the atrocities against colonized peoples, in the Celts and other world peoples, for centuries and millenia. There is not a dysjunction of history in 1492 when European imperialism was carried to other continents. The expansion of Spain and later other European powers outside of Europe was part of a process which had begun two millenia earlier.

In many historical conflicts we see this same theme played out. The French Revolution, for example, was couched in terms of class struggle and of French nationalism; Celts were not mentioned. Yet the French peasant fighting for liberté was mostly the descendant of Gaulish tribesmen subdued by Rome, and he was fighting against a ruler of different ethnicity, an aristocracy largely of Frankish blood, who had replaced the Romans, if we cannot say evolved from them.

This is not the way we are taught to see history. We are taught that it was the French against the Germans, England against Spain. The story of the extensive and ongoing reorganization of society, of the constant expansion of the imperialist system and extension of its control further into the rural areas, into the social structure and culture of rural, Celtic-based Europe. History books do not even acknowledge the existence of this Celtic reality. Repeating the Græco-Roman propaganda, Europe is seen as uncivilized until the development of Greece and Rome. Greece is claimed as the cradle of Western civilization and culture.

 

Celtic Culture

Manching, the capital of Bavaria, had a 4.5-mile wall around it. Manching was 1000 acres, nearly as big as Rome.

 

 

                    

 

 

Trading

They traded grain from 160 storage pits. The Celts smelted and smithed iron and copper. They tanned hides, milled flour, produced colored glass pottery, and mined gold and salt.

 

Religion

Religion was another bond of Celtic society. Each tribe had its own deities and cults. There were hundreds of gods and goddesses, but their roles and rites had much in common.

 

Stonehenge

Druids

The Druids had a considerable influence. They forecasted the future, educated the young nobility, and conserved old traditions. Once a year they met in a tribal assembly called Chartres. They settled disputes between nobles and conflicts between tribes and enforced through the treat of "excommunication."

 

 

     

 

 

Trade

In Switzerland in the Bernese Alps, archeologists found a well-preserved early Celtic ship 70 yards off shore. They excavated a 60-foot single-masted cargo vessel. Big flat bottom barges like this could sail all the way to the Mediterranean Sea or to the North Sea from the Alps. Celts were first robber barons on major rivers charging tolls.

The Black Forest headwaters of the Rhine, Rhone, and Danube are only 15 miles apart. The Rhine is 820 miles long, the Danube is 1776 miles, and the Rhone is 505 miles. All three of these were Celtic trade routes.

 

Ancient Celtic Women

When Queen Boudicca of the Iceni took the warpath in her chariot, she shredded Roman legions and burned Londinium (Roman London) to the ground. Here's what Roman historian, Ammianus Marcelinus, says of the gentler sex:

 

"A Gallic woman, fighting beside her man, is a match for a whole troop of foreigners. Steely-eyed ... she swells her neck, gnashes her teeth, flexes her huge white biceps, and rain wallops and kicks as though from the twist cords of a catapult."

 

The War Horse and Chivalry

The "war horse" with bronze bits and harness, was central in Celtic society. The Celtic horseman wore trousers, which startled the Roman eyes. A warrior's horse was his badge of nobility. Commoners fought on foot. The Celtic knight foreshadowed the feudal knight - The name "Chivalry" comes from "Cheval" (French for horse).

 

 

 

 

 

Ancestors of the Celts

We know about ancestors of Celtic people (before the time of the Greeks and Romans) by their burial practices through archaeological excavations. In Austria during 1846, systematic excavation revealed 2000 Iron Age graves - the greatest assemblage then know. It yielded long, heavy swords, daggers, axes, cauldrons, pottery, and jewelry with striking geometric and animal motifs.

 

 

 

LEGEND The Cattle raid of Cooley (Táin Bó Chuailgne) - Summary

This is the most famous and extensive of the legends of Cúchulainn and is the story of the war fought over the Brown Bull of Cooley (Cualgne).  This is  the story of two bulls of the Sidhe (the race of immortals).  The bulls themselves were immortal and had been transformed from other forms and origins.   First they were the swineherds of the gods Bodb (King of the Sidhe of Munster) and Ochne (King of the Sidhe of Connaught).

The two swineherds were in rivalry with one another, changing shape in pursuit of their endless quarrel.  They became ravens and battled for a year, then they changed to water creatures, then they changed to human champions and then finally into eels.   One of these magical eels swam into the River Cruind in Cualgne in Ulster and was swallowed by a cow belonging to Daire of Cualgne.  The other swam into the spring of Uaran Garad, in Connaught, where it was swallowed by a cow belonging to Queen Medb.

From these origins were born two bulls, the Brown Bull of Ulster, and the White Horned Bull of Connaught.

The White Horned Bull did not want to be the property of a woman, so he wandered into the herd of Ailill husband of Medb.  When they were surveying their property one day they discovered that they had equality in all possessions except that Medb had no bull to equal the White Horned Bull in her husband's herd.  (Having equal possessions was important to a marriage for the head of the household was determined by their property and it could be either a male or female depending on who owned the most goods).

So Medb determined to get a loan of the Brown Bull of Cooley so that she might appear equal to her husband.  One version of the story has it that she "offered Daire the knowledge of her upper thighs" in other words offered to have sex with him if he would lend her the bull,  he agreed at first, and broke his cushion bouncing on it for joy, and spilling feathers out of it everywhere.  However the agreement did not last as a servant of Daire's overheard the messengers from Connaught boasting that if the bull had not been lent them they would have taken it by force, the servant reported this back to Daire and he reneged on his former agreement.  

So began the great war of the Cattle Raid with Queen Medb raising her army to take the bull by force.   She thought this would be an easy task as all the champions of Ulster were under the effects of the ancient curse of the Goddess Macha, who cursed them to feel the pains of labour at a certain time each year because of an insult she had received from an ancestor of King Conchobar's.

Medb sought a prediction from her magician Calatin, concerning the outcome of the battle, and he just told her that even if no-one else returned that she would.  As she was riding in her chariot a woman of the Sidhe appeared to her called Feidelm and told her that she saw all the men of Connaught covered in crimson blood.  Medb questions the verity of her words saying " but all the great champions of Ulster are afflicted with the curse of Macha at this time..." but Feidelm says "I see a man who performs weapon feats, the hero's light is on his brow, he is young and he resembles Cúchulainn of Muirthemne... this much I know that by him shall the host of Connaught be bloodied."

Cúchulainn because of his divine heritage was not affected by the curse of Macha and it fell to him to defend Ulster single-handed against the army of Connaught.  This was possible because of the Celtic method of single-combat - a champion would be chosen to fight against a champion from the opposing side.  This meant that there was not as much carnage as occurs in modern warfare and only those specifically trained in Warcraft would be involved.  He managed to kill any of the champions of Connaught that came against him in duels and many more from a distance with his sling.  He slew one of Medb's serving girls because she had been wearing Medb's gold headdress and he mistook her for the queen.

Eventually Medb seeing how the duels were going and wanting to meet Cúchulainn face to face sent one of her bards to ask if he would meet with her.  He agreed and she was amazed to be faced with this young man of only seventeen years without beard, she offered him her friendship and to sleep with him (one version has her going to him naked) with great honour and possessions if he would leave Ulster and come work for her, but he refused her offer.  In the end he offered her terms of battle by which as long as he was in combat with one of her champions her main army was allowed to move forward, but as soon as combat ended her army were to stop where they were.   Medb agreed to these terms as she thought it a better bargain to gain a little ground daily, then to lose many men and gain no ground at all.

Medb's champions could not defeat Cúchulainn, but they managed to engage his attention long enough so that Medb could steal the Brown Bull and fifty heifers and head back to Connaught with them.

The Brown Bull of Cooley had been captured and travelled with Medb's army into Connaught, where he challenged the white bull of King Ailill, during the terrible battle which happened between them the Brown Bull ripped the White to pieces tossing his loins as far as Athlone and the liver to Trim.  After the fight the Brown Bull returned to Cualgne, where he became maddened with rage and killed all before him, finally his heart burst with the pressure of all this exertion and so he died.  This ended the cattle raid of Cooley.

 

 

Celtic Ireland - Heroes and Heroines

 

Amairgen | legendary poet and warrior who resembles the Welsh Taliesin

Cathbadh | a druid who appears in various tales of the Ulster Cycle

Conall Cernach | warrior-hero of Ulster; his name suggests his status: Conall means "strong" and Cernach translates roughly as "victorious"

Conchobar | king of Ulster; closely linked with the hero Cu Chulainn

Conn | a High King of Ireland; known as "Conn of the Hundred Battles"

Cu Chulainn | a hero and warrior par excellence; his name means "hound of Culann"

Cu Roi | in the Ulster Cycle, he is a sorcerer who transforms himself into various guises

Deirdre | beautiful woman whose tragic tale is part of the Ulster Cycle

Emer | the wife of Cu Chulainn

Fedelma | poet and prophetess in the service of Queen Medb

Ferghus | the king of Ulster prior to Conchobar

Finn Mac Cool | hero of the Fionn Cycle; he was also the leader of the Fianna

Fintan | the salmon of knowledge

Grainne | in the Fionn Cycle, she is betrothed to Finn, but falls in love with Diarmaid

 

 

 

 

 

 Popular Celtic Groups of Today 

 

              

 

 

 

references

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_art

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